For example, EIF2AK1 effector DDIT3 is overexpressed in MDS hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (Berastegui et al., 2021), DDIT3 overexpression delays erythroid differentiation in CD34-positive cells from MDS patients, and EIF2AK1 inhibition increases expression of both mitochondrial heme biosynthesis enzymes and iron transporters, reversing SF3B1 mutation-induced arrest of erythroid differentiation in vitro (Adema et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene EIF2AK1 and myelodysplastic syndrome.