HAMP and myelodysplastic syndrome: Furthermore, increasing transferrin saturation itself results in increased hepcidin expression in the liver (Schmidt et al., 2015; Casu et al., 2016b), in turn preventing further iron absorption and recycling, trapping iron within macrophages (Ganz, 2005), and decreasing iron availability for erythropoiesis to potentially ameliorate ineffective erythropoiesis in MDS.