We and others have also previously shown that neurofilament light chain (NfL) in spinal fluid (CSF, NfL-c) can serve as a diagnostic biomarker separating MSA from healthy controls (CON) and Lewy-body synucleinopathies.15, 17, 18 NfL-c can be measured using routine ELISA methodology which makes it an attractive, widely available biomarker. The gene discussed is NEFL; the disease is multiple system atrophy.