Exogenous SCFAs (especially butyrate) significantly ameliorated hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, improved renal function and inhibited renal fibrosis in high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN mice via inhibiting GPR43-mediated NF-κ B signaling and oxidative stress (Huang W. et al., 2017; Huang et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene FFAR2 and liver dysplastic nodule.