BGLAP and type 2 diabetes mellitus: On the other hand, in T2D BMD is normal or above normal,likely protective against vertebral fractures (24), but some studies show reduced BMD (25, 26) due to accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) (27, 28) increased proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a, IL-6 (28, 29) high sclerostin levels (30) leading to reduction in bone formation, OCN (31) and (Procollagen I N-terminal propeptide) P1NP levels in T2DM (31, 32) and impairment in osteoblastogenesis (33–35).