CAV1 and cancer: Firstly, abnormal expression of caveolin-1 has been found in several types of malignant tumors, such as gastric cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, and prostate cancer (Sunaga et al., 2004; Witkiewicz et al., 2009b; Celus et al., 2017; Maiuthed et al., 2018; Lin et al., 2019).