Nivolumab (MDX-1106 or BMS-936558), an antibody targeting PD-1, has been approved by FDA for the treatment of a broad panel of malignancies, including advanced NSCLC, melanoma, classical Hodgkin lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), urothelial carcinoma (UC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and colorectal cancer (CRC) 8, 67, 68. Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.