CTSB and acute myeloid leukemia: Studies have also shown that the commonly used chemotherapy doxorubicin directly binds to CTSB to inhibit its activity, demonstrating for the first time the utility of CTSB as a potential therapeutic target for acute myeloid leukemia 167.The demonstration that a clinically viable protocol using E64d is efficacious in TBI animal models enables the development of E64d for traumatic brain injury treatment 168.