CSF2 and ischemia: Elser et al. and Jaminon et al. demonstrated that ischemia increases plasma levels of activated cell cytokines such as thrombopoietin and soluble kit-ligand (sKitL) as well as progenitor cell cytokines like granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and erythropoietin [20,21].