BRAF and melanoma: For patients with completely resected stage III disease, pivotal phase 3 adjuvant trials have shown robust effects in terms of recurrence-free survival (RFS) for immunotherapy with a PD-1 inhibitor versus placebo, with an HR of 0.59 (95% CI 0.49–0.70) in the KEYNOTE-054 trial,24 as well as for targeted therapy with BRAF/MEK inhibitors, with an HR of 0.51 (95% CI 0.42–0.61), in the Combi-AD trial.25 However, patients with high-risk stage II (IIB/C) melanoma actually have a similar or worse survival compared with patients who have stage IIIA/B melanoma.11