Moreover, we recently reported that transgenic PPARδ overexpression in villin-expressing gastric progenitor cells (VGPCs) [11] in mice (termed PpardTG mice) activates and transforms quiescent VGPCs and induces progression of gastric tumorigenesis from metaplasia to dysplasia, and finally to invasive intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) that is associated with severe gastric chronic inflammation, faithfully recapitulating the pathogenic features of human intestinal-type GAC, the most common type of GC [8]. Here, PPARD is linked to inflammatory response.