Further analyses showed that the expression levels of these identified upregulated chemokines (CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL9 and CXCL10) in human gastric tissues of GC patients were all positively correlated with PPARD mRNA expression levels (Fig. 7c–g), which is consistent with our mouse findings. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL5 and gastric cancer.