TNF and neurodegenerative disease: Excessive activation of microglia by internal or external stimuli triggers the release of various pro-inflammatory neurotoxic factors, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin- 1β (IL-1β), and nitric oxide (NO), which, cause neuronal damage and enhance the progression of neurodegenerative diseases [39,40,41].