Finally, excess PTH levels related to chronic vitamin D deficiency can represent an important factor in the development of CVD in humans, as well as cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, interstitial cardiac fibrosis, alterations in myocardial contractility, Ca2+ signal-related myocardial tone, vessel calcification and all other pro-arrhythmic effects related to increased sarcoplasmic calcium intake [29]. This evidence concerns the gene PTH and vitamin D deficiency.