SUMO1 and atherosclerosis: SUMO1 is a member of the SUMO family involved in post-translational modifications regulating DNA replication, transcription, chromatin organization, cell cycle, sub-cellular localization, protein–protein and protein–DNA interactions, and DNA damage response and degradation [84,85,86,87,88], and also plays important roles in atherosclerosis and vascular SMC proliferation (see Discussion section).