In NAFLD, the activity of inositol-dependent enzyme 1 (IRE1), X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), and activating transcription factor (ATF6) is inhibited, and key enzymes of the lipid homeostasis pathway are downregulated, leading to hepatic steatosis [29]. Here, XBP1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.