TNF and steatosis: Furthermore, steatosis triggers the activation of NF-κB, which leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which mediate liver inflammation through activating macrophages and increasing the action of the suppressor of cytokine signaling factor 3 (SOCS3) [13].