For example, when brain organoids derived from patient hiPSCs carrying genetic risk factors like APPdup, APOE4, PSEN1, and PITRM1 associated with AD were examined, distinct early pathological characteristics, including amyloid aggregate accumulation, tau pathology, and neuronal cell death, were observed [58,59,60,61,62]. Here, PITRM1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.