INS and Alzheimer disease: There are 82 agents in phase II clinical trials for AD, but only four are related to metabolism and bioenergetics (dapagliflozin, intranasal insulin, intranasal insulin + empagliflozin, T3D-959 a PPARδ/γ agonist, and a supplement of N-acetylcysteine/L-carnitine tartrate/nicotinamide riboside/serine), and one agent for oxidative stress (omega 3, DHA).