VEGFA and Hyperglycemia: Hyperglycemia leads to the activation of signaling pathways and the production of ROS, as well as increases in the levels of cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, TGF-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which consequently leads to inflammation, fibrosis and increased vascular permeability [76].