TNF and skin cancer: Salidroside reduced the release of inflammation-related cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, IL-6, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), and TGF-β1 and inhibited the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner, thus suppressing skin cancer [124].