TNF and COVID-19: Another clinical study found that the administration to COVID-19 patients of a novel symbiotic formula, composed of Bifidobacterium strains, xylooligosaccharide, resistant dextrin, and galactooligosaccharides, during 4–5 weeks of treatment accelerated SARS-CoV-2 antibody (IgG) formation, decreased nasopharyngeal viral load and pro-inflammatory markers (IL-6, MCP-1, M-CSF, TNF-α, and IL-1RA), and restored the gut microbiota dysbiosis [104].