The mastic powder mixture (100 mg/kg of body weight) or the respective powder mixture components (CM) and acidic (AF) and neutral fractions (NF) of the powder [48] or of oleanolic acid (OA, a major triterpenic acid found in CM) [82] were individually applied to the above experimental model of colitis (TNBS), and levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and ICAM-1 were measured. Here, TNF is linked to colitis.