The cellular targets of inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling were identified as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) or tumor cells, according to the presence of active lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), implicating both cell types cells as major contributors to TGF-mediated pulmonary fibrosis and metastasis in advanced lung cancer [60]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to lung cancer.