AFP and fetal growth restriction: The results showed that in cases of IUGR and preeclampsia, the expression of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPPA), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFLT1), soluble endoglin (sENG), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), placental growth factor (PGF), and galectin 14 (LGALS14) were already altered in EVT cells obtained before 20 weeks of pregnancy with statistical significance.