VEGFA and systemic inflammatory response syndrome: Marzano et al. [17] have proposed three main hypotheses on the pathogenesis of non-obstructive sinusoidal dilatation: (1) atrophy of hepatocytes; (2) haemodynamic changes related to altered arterial and portal inflow; and (3) soluble systemic factors including interleukin-6 and VEGF as part of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).