In line with cancer signaling, NADPH-Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) is instrumental in activating Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE-1), which is a key regulator for various cancer signaling junctions such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), NRF2, protein-53 (p53), Redox effector factor-1 (Ref1), estrogen receptor and glucocorticoid receptor [116,117]. Here, ESR1 is linked to cancer.