ATP5IF1 and metastatic neoplasm: As previously mentioned, and besides controlling energy metabolism, the fraction of IF1-bound inhibited ATP synthase in the carcinomas is also fulfilling additional functions through signaling a pro-oncogenic phenotype, by stimulating proliferation/invasion/metastasis (Figure 5) [75,80,88,190,191], or an anti-oncogenic phenotype, by preventing metastatic disease and immune surveillance (Figure 5) (see next section) [20,85,147,179,192].