Further findings indicate that in IBD, TNF-α blockage has been shown to result in reduced intestinal permeability through decreased endothelial cell apoptosis and decreased permeability of tight junctions, increased Treg cell activity, reduced activity of various inflammatory mediators and T cells, and a reduction in inflammation-mediated mucosal angiogenesis by preventing the production of vascular endothelial growth factor A from intestinal fibroblasts [37,38]. Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.