PTPN11 and Noonan syndrome: This hypothesis may also be applicable to other dominant genetic diseases caused by paternal age, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b, where the causative mutation can be found in the RET (rearranged during transfection) proto-oncogene (Choi et al., 2012), Noonan syndrome, which is driven by a mutation in the PTPN11 gene (encoding protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 11) (Liao and Mehta, 2019), and Costello syndrome, which involves a mutation in the HRAS proto-oncogene(Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, GTPase) (Nagai et al., 2022).