Since both CD4 and CD8 T cells are believed to play a crucial role in eliciting BCG-mediated anti-tumor response, we argued that increased frequency of intratumoral PD1+CD38+Tim3+ CD8+ T cells which phenotypically resemble the terminally exhausted T cells and presumably are short-lived, failed to elicit anti-tumor response triggered by BCG in NMIBC. Here, CD38 is linked to neoplasm.