In addition, metabolites based on metabolomics analysis (Li Y. et al., 2023), m6A regulatory factors (Li F. et al., 2023), and non-coding RNAs such as miR-147b (Trung et al., 2021), lncRNA THAP9-AS1, and TSPOAP1-AS1 (Wu et al., 2020) have all been reported as potential diagnostic or prognostic indicators for sepsis or septic shock. The gene discussed is THAP9; the disease is Sepsis.