IGHA1 and glomerulosclerosis: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a good example of ectopic glycosylation of IgA causing disease, as IgAN is characterized by deficient galactosylation of the glycoform IgA1(Gd-IgA1) hinge region, causing the release of proinflammatory mediators that lead to glomerulosclerosis, inflammation, and renal injury (78, 79).