Other disease mechanisms that occur in the ALS/FTD with C9orf72 gene mutation include a gain of toxicity mediated through either the RNA itself (88, 89) and/or the translation of aberrant dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins by a non-canonical translation mechanism called repeat associated non-AUG dependent (RAN) translation (90, 91). This evidence concerns the gene C9orf72 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.