Downstream targets of FGF (Stat1, 3, 5, Foxo1, Etv4), GDNF (Bcl6b, Egr2, Egr3) and IGF (Igf1, Trp53, Casp8) signalling were increased in tumours, indicating pathway activation (data not shown). The gene discussed is GDNF; the disease is neoplasm.