Known risk factors for T1R are (i) borderline clinical groups BT-BL (22); (ii) age of leprosy onset, with older individuals being at higher risk (23, 24); (iii) positive bacillary index (25); (iv) an increased number of lesions at leprosy diagnosis (26, 27); (v) detection of M. leprae DNA in biopsies of lesions (24); and (vi) genetic/genomic studies have identified an association between T1R and genes TLR1 (28), TLR2 (29), TLR3 (30), TLR7 (30), TLR10 (30), NRAMP1/SCLC11A1 (31), VRD (32), NOD2 (33), TNFSF15/TNFSF8 (34, 35), lncRNA ENSG00000235140 (36), LRRK2 (19), and PRKN (19). The gene discussed is PRKN; the disease is leprosy.