Studies indicate elevated levels of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the blood and airway tissues of COPD patients, alongside increased numbers of activated CD4+ and CD8+ cells expressing nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT-4), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and perforin [21, 22]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.