CCL2 and inflammation: Moreover, the present study’s findings revealed that UTI treatment could significantly improve intestinal barrier integrity, and reduce intestinal and renal inflammation by increasing the expression of intestinal tight junction protein claudin-1, villus height, crypt depth, the number of goblet cells/CVU, and serum SCFA levels while decreasing the levels of inflammatory markers in the serum, intestine, and kidneys, such as serum C5a, intestinal NF-κB, renal NF-κB, and renal MCP-1, as well as renal STAT3, renal ICAM-1, and renal TGF-β1 expression.