AKR1A1 and malnutrition: The pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease is due to malnutrition as well as to ethanol’s hepatotoxicity linked to its metabolism by means of the alcohol dehydrogenase and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) pathways, resulting in the production of toxic acetaldehyde, changes in oxidation–reduction (redox) potentials, and oxidative stress (57).