TGFB1 and cancer: Regarded as a TGF-β inhibitor, Hesperetin works on the TGF-β1/Smad pathway-mediated ECM progression and restores the upregulation of IL-1β, PTGS2, and MMP-13 induced by TNF-α, reverses the degradation of the ECM, therefore it has promising therapeutic effects on various cancers (Kong et al., 2018; Wu et al., 2021).