TNF and polycystic ovary syndrome: Studies have shown elevated levels of inflammatory markers in PCOS women, including white blood cell (WBC) count, C-reactive protein (CRP), complement element 3 (C3), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 18 (IL-18), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) (19, 20).