In the α cells, the RAGE ligand, CML which is an advanced glycation end product (AGE) was also increased in islets from donors with type 1 diabetes (vs. remaining donor groups; Fig. 3B, shown in Fig. 3E–G), whereas HMGB1 staining intensity was reduced in both autoantibody-positive and type 1 diabetes donors (vs. control; Fig. 3B, shown in Fig. 3E–G). This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.