After correction for HLA-DR3/4 haplotype status, ethnicity and age, the final model found that in the type 1 diabetes cohort, increased GCG expression could be predicted by increased expression of HMGB1 and AKR1B1, as well as by reduced expression of the AGE clearance enzyme, FN3K (Table 3; FDR q < 0.0001 for all). Here, AKR1B1 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.