Again, similar levels of cell death and IL-18 release were observed in WT and IRF1-deficient BMDMs in response to infection with E. coli (Fig. 1, G–I) and C. rodentium (Fig. 1, J–L), whereas BMDMs deficient in caspase-11 had no cell death and impaired IL-18 release in response to these infections (Fig. 1, G–L). The gene discussed is IRF1; the disease is infection.