IRS1 and Insulin resistance: The phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK) and IKK1/1KK2 further attenuate IRS-1 S307 residue phosphorylation, thereby suppressing insulin signaling activation to induce insulin resistance (Hotamisligil et al., 1996; Peraldi et al., 1996; Liang et al., 2008; Tessaro et al., 2017) (Figure 6).