Although there was no consensus on the risk of infection associated with anti-TNFα treatments in published clinical trials, post-marketing surveillance and retrospective studies have shown an increased risk of tuberculosis and other granulomatous infections (Wallis et al., 2004; Godfrey and Friedman, 2019; Athimni et al., 2022; Doughty et al., 2023). Here, TNF is linked to infection.