TNF and infection: A meta-analysis showed that treatment with anti-TNFα agents increased the risk of serious infections (OR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.56–1.90, p < 0.00001) and an increase in cancer risk (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.20–1.53, p < 0.00001), whereas the risk of tuberculosis was not significantly different (Li et al., 2021).