INS and diabetes mellitus: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disease caused by autoimmune isletitis, resulting in lifelong depletion of insulin secretion and a requirement for insulin therapy.1 Recent advances in insulin preparations and insulin delivery devices have greatly improved glycemic control in T1DM patients.2 However, it is still difficult to maintain normal blood glucose levels in T1DM patients, and diabetic complications, including diabetic kidney disease (DKD), result in kidney failure and reduce life expectancy and the quality of life (QOL).3,4