An increase in the abundance of colonic mucosa-associated E. coli with the pks gene has been observed in IBD, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), and CRC patients, compared to healthy individuals (Dejea et al., 2018; Iwasaki et al., 2022; Gaab et al., 2023). The gene discussed is ARAF; the disease is colorectal carcinoma.