IL17A and inflammatory bowel disease: According to retrospective studies, IL-17 was significantly elevated in both the colonic mucosa and sera from IBD patients with pre-CRC symptoms; further etiological studies found a close relation to BFT exposure (Boleij et al., 2015; Chung et al., 2018; Dejea et al., 2018; Cheng, Kantilal & Davamani, 2020; Clay, Fonseca-Pereira & Garrett, 2022).