CASP4 and diabetic kidney disease: The results revealed that caspase-4 knockdown inhibited the activation of caspase-1 (Figure 8F-J) and the inflammatory response (Figure 8K-M) induced by DM-fBEVs, increasing the evidence for the involvement of the caspase-11 pathway in OMVs-initiated tubulointerstitial inflammation in DKD.