HMGB1, a typical DAMP, can be translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and subsequently secreted during cell injury, HBV X protein stimulation, hypoxia, sustained p53 activation, etc. 13, 24, 40, which leads to HMGB1 accumulation in the extracellular milieu of chronic liver diseases and HCC 11. This evidence concerns the gene TP53 and hepatocellular carcinoma.