HMGB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: HMGB1, a typical DAMP, can be translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and subsequently secreted during cell injury, HBV X protein stimulation, hypoxia, sustained p53 activation, etc. 13, 24, 40, which leads to HMGB1 accumulation in the extracellular milieu of chronic liver diseases and HCC 11.