In addition, Hosseini et al.222 successfully developed the doxorubicin-loaded AS1411 (anti-nucleolin) aptamer surface-functionalized exosome (DOX-Apt-Exo) to treat CRC, which showed that AS1411 aptamer-modified exosomes can be used as a safe and effective targeted drug delivery system for the clinical applications of CRC. The gene discussed is NUCLEOLIN; the disease is colorectal carcinoma.