For example, it has been reported that vanillic acid stimulates the STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway in macrophages and promotes polarization of macrophages to an M1-like phenotype, and that intraperitoneal administration of vanillic acid to a 4T1 breast cancer cell inoculated mouse model inhibited tumor growth and changed macrophages in the tumor to an M1-like phenotype [48]. Here, IRF3 is linked to breast cancer.