TNF and neoplasm: Pro-inflammatory signals such as IFNγ, TNFα, and IL12 (Fig. 4e) can enhance the cytotoxicity of NK cells and CD8+ T cells, allowing them to kill tumor cells through multiple mechanisms (e.g., IFNγ/TNFα cytokines, Fas/TRAIL ligands, and perforin granules, Fig. 4a)44.