Taken together, we concluded that signals from biomaterial-induced inflammation reversed cancer-induced suppression in the synthetic MNs and created an environment with potent antitumor immunity, contrasting with the lung environment dominated by immunosuppressive and pro-tumor signals (e.g., TGFβ, IL10, EGFR ligands) and immune cells with pro-tumor phenotypes (e.g., N2, M2, Fig. 4a–c). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.