Compared with free SC144 + anti-PD-L1 combo, SC144@HABN + anti-PD-L1 combo therapy significantly increased the frequency of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T-cells (p < 0.05, Fig. 4d) and the surface markers of T-cell proliferation, activation, and exhaustion, as shown by Ki67, granzyme B, and PD-1 staining among CD8+ T-cells (Fig. 4e–g). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.